Abstract

The standard cosmological model, grounded in the Big Bang theory and general relativity, does not resolve the Hubble tension or cosmological constant issues. This model also aligns with Newton’s gravitational theory while adhering to the cosmological principle. The modified big bang theory of cosmology was validated by the observational evidences. This model was verified by applying the model to resolve the Hubble tension problem. In this article, cosmological constant problem is solved first by applying the modified big bang theory of cosmology and then the model is verified once again by the observational evidences. Acceleration of the universe’s expansion is confirmed from the observed location of different galaxies.

Keywords

Galaxies, Modified Big Bang Theory, Newton’s Theory, Cosmology, Hubble Tension, Cosmological Constant, Dark Energy.

Citation(in IEEE Format)

John Daniel, “Modified Big Bang Theory of Cosmology: Observational Validation and Implications for an Expanding Universe,” International Journal of Multidisciplinary Innovative Research (IJMIR), vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 18–27, January 2026.